Computer Science Previous Year Questions (page 46)

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AND outputs 1 only when both inputs are 1, and it is written with the multiplication symbol (A·B). Both are correct.

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In ER-to-relational mapping, a 1:1 or 1:N relationship type corresponds to a foreign key (or a relationship relation) in the relational model.

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Referential integrity is specified between two relations: a foreign key value must match an existing primary key in the referenced relation, keeping tuples consistent.

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New: the process is being created (3). Running: instructions are being executed (2). Ready: waiting to be assigned to a processor (1). So I-3, II-2, III-1.

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|| is the standard SQL string concatenation operator, e.g. 'ab' || 'cd' gives 'abcd'.

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Unguided (wireless) media carry electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor, and these signals can travel by ground, sky or line-of-sight propagation. Both are correct.

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Wavelength = propagation speed × period, which equals propagation speed / frequency.

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A sine wave is described by peak amplitude, frequency and phase. Wavelength is a derived property, not one of the three basic parameters.

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LIKE is used in WHERE for pattern matching with wildcards % and _, e.g. WHERE name LIKE 'A%'.

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DROP SCHEMA name RESTRICT removes the schema only if it has no elements; CASCADE would drop it with all its contents.

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CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files store spreadsheet data as plain text, with cell values separated by a delimiter such as a comma or semicolon.

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Unicode can be encoded with 8-bit code units, as in UTF-8 (UTF-16 and UTF-32 also exist). 17, 65 and 9-bit formats are not standards.

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Coaxial cables are classified by Radio Government (RG) ratings such as RG-59 and RG-58, which define their physical specifications.

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Process control system calls include end/abort, load/execute, create/terminate process, get/set attributes, wait for time, wait/signal event and allocate/free memory.

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Accounting conventions are customs and traditions followed by accountants, such as consistency, conservatism, materiality and full disclosure.

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Web servers serve pages, run server-side scripts and run gateway (CGI) programs. Sharing resources such as files and printers is the job of file or print servers.

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Partnership, sole proprietorship and joint Hindu family business are forms of business organisation. A contract is a legal agreement, not a form of organisation.

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A cipher transforms the message character by character or bit by bit without regard to its meaning. A code, by contrast, replaces whole words or phrases.

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Extractive industries take goods from nature, as in mining, fishing, hunting and lumbering.

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A 32-bit OS can address at most 2³² bytes = 4 GB of RAM, while a 64-bit OS can address far more.

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Process departmentalisation groups work by the manufacturing process. It suits products whose production steps differ widely.

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Relative frequency is a class's frequency divided by the total, so it can be shown as a fraction, a decimal or a percentage. The key accepts the broadest option.

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System.Web.UI holds the classes and interfaces (Page, Control and so on) used to build and render ASP.NET web form elements.

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If the median is used as pivot, every split is exactly balanced: T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n), which gives O(n log n) even in the worst case.

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A prototype demonstrates intended functionality to stakeholders, gives users a working model to test, and checks technical feasibility. So all the given options apply.

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Square brackets [ ] match any one character from a set or range, such as [abc] or [0-9]. * matches any string, ? matches any one character and ; separates commands.

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A CSS framework such as Bootstrap or Tailwind gives ready-made UI components, grids and styles, which makes development faster and more consistent.

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Inserting or deleting in a linked list only changes pointers (O(1) once the position is known). In an array, elements have to be shifted.

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The CPU has the ALU (arithmetic and logic), the control unit (directs operations) and registers (fast internal storage). RAM and cache sit outside this core.

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Consumer surplus is the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay and what they actually pay. So it arises when willingness to pay is greater than the market price.

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A knowledge economy is one whose growth is driven mainly by creating, spreading and using knowledge.

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Agile development works in short iterations with continuous feedback, so it emphasises flexibility and adapting to changing requirements.

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Encapsulation, abstraction and polymorphism (such as function overloading) are OOP features. Global variables break encapsulation and are not an OOP feature.

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Software is any set of executable instructions. Firmware is software stored permanently in hardware (ROM or flash) to control a device.

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Being reluctant to lead is not part of effective managerial communication. Clear understanding by the receiver, teamwork and regular meetings all support it.

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1 MB = 1024 KB, so 4 MB = 4 × 1024 = 4096 KB.

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The Application object stores state shared by all users and pages of an ASP.NET application. Session state is per user, and ViewState is per page.

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Growth curve analysis models how a variable changes over time, summarising many repeated observations with a few curve parameters (data reduction).

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Profit is the excess of revenue over expenses. It can be worked out for a single transaction or for the whole business over a period.

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In MIS design, information comes from internal sources (company records and operations) and external sources (market, government, competitors).

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Pipelining speeds up the CPU by overlapping instruction stages. Programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O and DMA are the three methods of transferring data between peripherals and memory.

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Commerce covers buying and selling goods on a large scale, together with the activities that support it, such as transport, banking and insurance.

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/etc holds the system-wide configuration files, for example /etc/passwd and /etc/fstab. /bin holds binaries, /dev device files and /boot boot files.

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Interpolation estimates values between known data points by fitting a curve or line to the data, which is why the key links it with curve fitting and linear analysis.

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A stack is LIFO: the last element pushed is the first popped. A queue is FIFO: the first element enqueued is the first dequeued.

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The conditional operator ?: is the ternary operator because it takes three operands: condition ? expr1 : expr2.

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A primary key uniquely identifies each row in its table. A foreign key refers to a primary key in another table, which links the tables.

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The subsidiary's profits or losses earned before acquisition are capital profits/losses for the holding company. Those earned after acquisition are revenue profits/losses.